Regions and basins suffering from water scarcity have promoted the modernization of irrigation
systems, defined as irrigation efficiency enhancement as a measure for the adaptation to a
growing demand and a limited supply of water resources. In the period 2002–2015, Spain carried
out an intense irrigation modernization process with the aim of achieving significant water
savings and higher flexibility and to guarantee supply, among other favourable outcomes (e.g.
environmental and socio-economic). Nevertheless, certain unfavourable effects of irrigation
modernization also need to be discussed. This study analyses these effects in Spain based upon
a DPSIR (Driving forces, Pressures, States, Impacts, and Responses) framework and a wideranging
review of the existing empirical literature. Our findings are highly relevant to inform
decision-makers in the planning of future irrigation modernization programmes worldwide.