This article provides a historical account of the emergence of crop ecology, a precursor of modern
agroecology, in the twentieth century. It focuses on the transnational career of agronomist Ioannis
Papadakis, a founding figure in this scientific discipline, while contextualizing his work as part of broader
state-led projects of agricultural modernization in Europe and Latin America. This study has two
implications concerning the history of agroecology. First, that agricultural productivism and a
cosmopolitan outlook on plant breeding, often considered to be at odds with agroecology's principles,
were in fact necessary elements for the emergence of crop ecology, and therefore of agroecological
thought more generally. Second, we argue that the excesses of the Green Revolution, against which
agroecology reacted in the last decades of the twentieth century, did not just stem from a disregard for the
agricultural knowledge of indigenous peasants. They also resulted from the marginalization of intellectual
dispositions that had taken shape in peripheral areas within the global geography of scientific production.
A third implication, specific to the history of Greek agriculture, is that the claim that interwar Greece’s
rural economy failed to substantially develop needs to be nuanced when the priorities of Greek
agronomists are taken into consideration.
