Belite cements, BCs, containing mainly belite, alite and calcium aluminates, are currently used as low heat cements.
These binders produce high amounts of C–S–H gel and have very good durability properties which are
reviewed. Additional advantages include: (i) lower limestone demand, with lower associated CO2 emissions; (ii)
lower energy demand; (iii) lower kiln operating temperature, which means lowering CO2 and NOx emissions
from fuel burning; and (iv) lower temperature increase at early hydration age. However, early-age strength
developments are not competitive with those of Portland cements. Hence, to improve their early-age strength
developments is a research priority known as activation. This enhancement can be attained by three compatible
approaches: (i) chemical, (ii) physical; and (iii) admixture activations. The current research status for BCs
activation is reviewed including: cost-effective element substitutions to stabilize high-temperature forms; fast
cooling, milling and mild temperature hydration as physical activation; and the use of C–S–H seeds as admixture
activation. After discussion of the resulting microstructures, a research outlook is exercised.
